e-learning rječnik

Na ovom ćete mjestu naći značenja nekih od najčešćih pojmova koji se pojavljuju uz e-learning.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

 

A

ADL (Advanced Distributed Learning): Initiative by the U.S. Department of Defense to achieve interoperability across computer and Internet-based learning courseware through the development of a common technical framework, which contains content in the form of reusable learning objects. See also SCORM.

ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): A type of DSL that uses the majority of the bandwidth to transmit information to the user and a small part of the bandwidth to receive information from the user.

AICC: The Aviation Industry CBT (Computer-Based Training) Committee is an international association of technology-based training professionals. The AICC develops guidelines for the aviation industry in the development, delivery, and evaluation of CBT and related training technologies.

ASP (Active Server Pages): A programming environment that combines elements of HTML and scripting. Web pages built with ASP can change dynamically based on user input.

ASP (application service provider): A third-party organization that supplies software applications and/or software-related services over the Internet. ASPs allow companies to save money, time, and resources by outsourcing some or all of their information technology needs.

Asynchronous learning: Learning in which interaction between instructors and students occurs intermittently with a time delay. Examples are self-paced courses taken via the Internet or CD-ROM, Q&A mentoring, online discussion groups, and email.

 

C

CBT: An umbrella term for the use of computers in both instruction and management of the teaching and learning process. CAI (computer-assisted instruction) and CMI (computer-managed instruction) are included under the heading of CBT. Some people use the terms CBT and CAI interchangeably.

CMI : Computer Managed Instruction refers to programs that evaluate and diagnose students needs, guide them though the next step in their learning, and record their progress. Both CMI and CAI (computer programs that provide drill and practice exercises) can be used with little teacher intervention. CEI (computer-enhanced instruction), on the other hand, requires the teacher to be involved in planning and helping to carry out learning activities.

 

D

Distance education: Educational situation in which the instructor and students are separated by time, location, or both. Education or training courses are delivered to remote locations via synchronous or asynchronous means of instruction, including written correspondence, text, graphics, audio- and videotape, CD-ROM, online learning, audio- and videoconferencing, interactive TV, and FAX. Distance education does not preclude the use of the traditional classroom. The definition of distance education is broader than and entails the definition of e-learning.

Distance learning: The desired outcome of distance education. The two terms are often used interchangeably.

 

E

e-Learning: E-Learning is the effective learning process created by interaction with digitally delivered content, (learning) support and services.

Categories of e-learning (according to Virtualbusiness):   

• On-Demand e-learning  - building jukeboxes of content
• Live On-Line e-learning - multiple learners in multiple sites at the same time
• Learning Objects - small granular chunks of learning
• On-Line Coaching - access to subject matter expertise
• Knowledge Bases - database access to learning content in a searchable environment
• Learning Architectures - structures for developing and delivering on-line learning
• Multi-Site Learning - the next wave of distance learning
• E-learning Communities - collaborative on-going learning projects)
• EPSS Assessment and Evaluation - assessment strategies via networks
• Media Based Learning Models - collections of content in media format for desktop viewing
• Simulation Based Learning - learning on a simulation playing field
• Best Practices Knowledge Management Learning - learn from subject matter experts
• Blended Models - combining classes with technology delivered content

EPSS (electronic performance support system): 1) A computer application that is linked directly to another application to train or guide workers through completing a task in the target application. 2) More generally, a computer or other device that gives workers information or resources to help them accomplish a task or achieve performance requirements.

ERP (enterprise resource planning) : A set of activities supported by application software that helps a company manage such core parts of its business as product planning, parts purchasing, inventory management, order tracking, and customer service. Can also include modules for finance and HR activities. The deployment of an ERP system can involve considerable business process analysis, employee retraining, and new work procedures.

Extranet: A local-area network (LAN) or wide-area network (WAN) using TCP/IP, HTML, SMTP, and other open Internet-based standards to transport information. An extranet is only available to people inside and certain people outside an organization, as determined by the organization.

 

F

Firewall: A technology that gives users access to the Internet while retaining internal network security

 

G

Granularity: The degree of detail something can be broken down into, or the number of discrete components making up any type of system. In e-learning, granularity is defined by the number of content chunks.

GUI (graphical user interface): A computer interface using icons or pictures. For example, Windows.

 

H

HRD (human resource development): 1) A term coined by Leonard Nadler to describe the organized learning experiences, such as training, education, and development, offered by employers within a specific timeframe to improve employee performance or personal growth. 2) Another name for the field and profession sometimes called training or training and development .

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): The programming language used to create documents for display on the World Wide Web.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): The set of rules and standards that govern how information is transmitted on the World Wide Web.

Hypertext: A system for retrieving information from servers on the Internet using World Wide Web client software. Hypertext consists of key words or phrases in a WWW page that are linked electronically to other Web pages.

 

I

ICT: Information and communication technology (ICT) in the curriculum. ICT is defined as any computer-based resources, networked and stand alone, including both hardware and software, currently available as teaching and learning resources. Thus examples would include tailored multimedia teaching packages; information sources such as the Internet and WWW; data management tools such as word-processing software or spreadsheet.  

IEEE ( The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): An organization whose Learning Technology Standards Committee is working to develop technical standards, recommended practices, and guides for computer implementations of education and training systems.

ILS (integrated learning system): A complete software, hardware, and network system used for instruction. In addition to providing curriculum and lessons organized by level, an ILS usually includes a number of tools such as assessments, record keeping, report writing, and user information files that help to identify learning needs, monitor progress, and maintain student records.

ILT (instructor-led training): Usually refers to traditional classroom training, in which an instructor teaches a course to a room of learners. The term is used synonymously with on-site training and classroom training (c-learning).

IMS : (Instructional Management System) Global Learning Consortium. IMS is a global coalition of academic, commercial and government organizations, working together to define the Internet architecture for learning. IMS is focusing on developing technical specifications that will support a broad range of learning with a global perspective. Their specification development supports the needs of K-12, higher education and training around the world.

Interoperability: The ability of hardware or software components to work together effectively.

Intranet: A LAN or WAN that is owned by a company and is only accessible to people working internally. It is protected from outside intrusion by a combination of firewalls and other security measures.

IP (Internet Protocol): The international standard for addressing and sending data via the Internet.

IP multicast: Using the Internet Protocol, delivery of a learning event over a network from a single source to multiple participants.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network): A telecommunications standard enabling communications channels to carry voice, video, and data simultaneously.

ISO ( International Organization for Standardization): An international federation of national standards bodies.

ISP (Internet service provider): A hosting company that provides end user access to such Internet services as email, the World Wide Web, FTP, newsgroups, and so forth.

 

J

Java: An object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystems. Java is not dependent on specific hardware and can be launched from within an HTML document or stand- alone.

Java applet: A small Java program launched through a browser.

JISC: The Joint Information Systems Committee is an independent advisory body that supports further and  higher education by providing strategic guidance, advice and opportunities to use Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to support teaching, learning, research and administration. 

 

K

Knowledge management: The process of capturing, organizing, and storing information and experiences of workers and groups within an organization and making it available to others. By collecting those artifacts in a central or distributed electronic environment (often in a database called a knowledge base), KM aims to help a company gain competitive advantage.

 

L

LAN (local-area network): A group of personal computers and/or other devices, such as printers or servers, that are located in a relatively limited area, such as an office, and can communicate and share information with each other.

LCMS: "E-learning promises to deliver just-in-time learning. A learner gains access to a data repository, answers a few questions, and, voila, the system delivers the precise piece of information when and how they need it. Unfortunately, most organizations have yet to experience such a smooth information exchange. Enter the learning content management system.

An LCMS provides authoring, sequencing, and aggregation tools that structure content to facilitate the learning process. The IDC whitepaper, "Learning Content Management Systems: Comparative Analysis of Emerging Technologies," identifies the components of an LCMS as an authoring application, a data repository, a delivery interface, and administration tools. The authoring tools provide templates and storyboarding capabilities, and may be used to convert existing content. The data repository uses meta data to store and manage individual learning objects. The delivery interface dynamically serves content that can be modified to reflect a certain look or feel, such as organizational branding. The administrative applications manage learner profiles, course catalogues, and so forth. In addition, some LCMS is offer collaboration tools, including chat, integrated email, and threaded discussion groups."

Learning environment: The physical or virtual setting in which learning takes place.

Learning object: A reusable, media-independent collection of information used as a modular building block for e-learning content. Learning objects are most effective when organized by a meta data classification system and stored in a data repository such as an LCMS.

Learning portal: Any Website that offers learners or organizations consolidated access to learning and training resources from multiple sources. Operators of learning portals are also called content aggregators, distributors, or hosts.

LMS (learning management system): Software that automates the administration of training. The LMS registers users, tracks courses in a catalog, records data from learners; and provides reports to management. An LMS is typically designed to handle courses by multiple publishers and providers. It usually does not include its own authoring capabilities; instead, it focuses on managing courses created by a variety of other sources.

Localization: The tailoring of an offering to meet the specific needs of a geographic area, product, or target audience.

 

M

Meta data: Information about content that enables it to be stored in and retrieved from a database.

Metatag : An HTML tag identifying the contents of a Website. Information commonly found in the metatag includes copyright info, key words for search engines, and formatting descriptions of the page.

MLE (Managed Learning Environment): The term (MLE) refers to the whole range of information systems and processes of a college or university (including its VLE if it has one) that contribute directly, or indirectly, to learning and the management of that learning.

There is sometimes confusion between a VLE and a MLE. The term Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) is one possible component of a MLE: it refers to the component(s) within an MLE that provides the “online” interactions of various kinds which can take place between learners and tutors, including online learning.

M-learning: Mobile learning, takes place via a wireless device such as a PDA, a cell phone, or even a laptop.

 

O

ODBC (Open Database Connectivity): An application program interface to access information from numerous types of databases, including Access, dbase, DB2, and so forth.

Online community: A meeting place for people on the Internet. Designed to facilitate interaction and collaboration among people who share common interests and needs. Online communities can be open to all or by membership only and may or may not offer moderator tools.

 

P

Plugfest: A biannual event sponsored by the Advanced Distributed Learning Network that brings together early adopters of the SCORM specifications to validate and document their process in meeting requirements for reuse, adaptability, interoperability, cost-effectiveness, and global access.

 

R

Reusable: E-learning content that can be transferred to various infrastructures or delivery mechanisms, usually without changes.

RIO (reusable information object): A collection of content, practice, and assessment items assembled around a single learning objective. RIOs are built from templates based on whether the goal is to communicate a concept, fact, process, principle, or procedure. (Pronounced "REE-O")

RLO (reusable learning object): A collection of RIOs, overview, summary, and assessments that supports a specific learning objective. (Pronounced "R-L-O")

ROI (return on investment): Generally, a ratio of the benefit or profit received from a given investment to the cost of the investment itself. In e-learning, ROI is most often calculated by comparing the tangible results of training (for example, an increase in units produced or a decrease in error rate) to the cost of providing the training.

 

S

Scalability : The degree to which a computer application or component can be expanded in size, volume, or number of users served and continue to function properly.

SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model): "The Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) is a set of interrelated technical specifications built upon the work of the AICC, IMS and IEEE to create one unified "content model". These specifications enable the reuse of Web-based learning content across multiple environments and products."

"A set of standards that, when applied to course content, produces small, reusable learning objects. A result of the Department of Defense is Advance Distributed Learning (ADL) initiative, SCORM-compliant courseware elements can be easily merged with other compliant elements to produce a highly modular repository of training materials", according to Learning Circuits.

Typical SCORM question : I have a SCORM-conformant LMS. If I purchase SCORM-conformant content, will it plug-and-play with my LMS?
Probably. SCORM dictates how an LMS must make the API (Application Programme Interface) available to the content, so content developers know exactly how to write the JavaScript code to locate and call the API. You might have problems if the LMS and content support different versions of SCORM, which is rapidly evolving. The current version is SCORM 1.2. Many products adhere to the previous version, 1.1. Fortunately, from the perspective of LMS/content data exchange, the differences between 1.1 and 1.2 are minor. If there are version-related compatibility problems, the content vendor may be able to make simple changes to address them.

Streaming media (streaming audio or video): Audio or video files played as they are being downloaded over the Internet instead of users having to wait for the entire file to download first. Requires a media player program.

Synchronous learning: A real-time, instructor-led online learning event in which all participants are logged on at the same time and communicate directly with each other. In this virtual classroom setting, the instructor maintains control of the class, with the ability to "call on" participants. In most platforms, students and teachers can use a whiteboard to see work in progress and share knowledge. Interaction may also occur via audio- or videoconferencing, Internet telephony, or two-way live broadcasts.

 

T

TBT (technology-based training): The delivery of content via Internet, LAN or WAN (intranet or extranet), satellite broadcast, audio- or videotape, interactive TV, or CD-ROM. TBT encompasses both CBT and WBT.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): A protocol that ensures that packets of data are shipped and received in the intended order.

Thin client: 1) A network computer without hard- or diskette drives that accesses programs and data from a server instead of storing them locally.
2) Software that performs the majority of its operations on a server rather than the local computer, thus requiring less memory and fewer plug-ins.

Training management system : See LMS.

 

U

URI (uniform resource identifier): Name and address of information--text, graphics, audio, video, and so forth--on the Internet. A URI usually identifies the application used to access the resource, the machine the resource is located on, and the file name of the resource. A Webpage address or URL is the most commonly used type of URI.

URL (uniform resource locator): The address of a page on the World Wide Web. For example, http://www.learningcircuits.org.

 

V

Virtual classroom: The online learning space where students and instructors interact

Virtual community: See online community.

VLE: See MLE

 

W

WBT (Web Based Training): Delivery of educational content via a Web browser over the public Internet, a private intranet, or an extranet. Web-based training often provides links to other learning resources such as references, email, bulletin boards, and discussion groups. WBT also may include a facilitator who can provide course guidelines, manage discussion boards, deliver lectures, and so forth. When used with a facilitator, WBT offers some advantages of instructor-led training while also retaining the advantages of computer-based training.

 

X

XML (Extensible Markup Language): The next-generation Webpage coding language that allows site designers to program their own markup commands, which can then be used as if they were standard HTML commands.

XSL (eXtensible Stylesheet Language or eXtensible Style Language): A Webpage design language that creates style sheets for XML pages, which separate style from content so that developers can specify how and where information is displayed on the page.